{"id":524,"date":"2024-05-24T08:13:10","date_gmt":"2024-05-24T08:13:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/im-objektiv-der-staatsmacht.de\/violence-hooligans-and-right-wing-radicalism-rowdy-youths-in-gdr-football\/"},"modified":"2024-06-08T08:58:10","modified_gmt":"2024-06-08T08:58:10","slug":"violence-hooligans-and-right-wing-radicalism-rowdy-youths-in-gdr-football","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/im-objektiv-der-staatsmacht.de\/en\/violence-hooligans-and-right-wing-radicalism-rowdy-youths-in-gdr-football\/","title":{"rendered":"Violence, hooligans and right-wing radicalism: \u2018Rowdy\u2019 youths in GDR football"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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The GDR\u2019s Communist dictatorship had an educational goal: disciplined \u2018all-round educated socialist personalities\u2019. So it was all the more irritating for the SED leadership that young football spectators started getting increasingly violent at football matches in the 1970s. Incidents included attacks on passers-by, fights between fan groups and vandalism on trains, at railway stations and in pubs. The derbies in East Berlin and Leipzig were particularly notorious. Fan groups from other GDR football clubs were also known for their brutality. Despite enormous efforts, the GDR security forces were unable to stop the escalation of violence. The rioters and other stadium subcultures were perceived as \u2018rowdy and negatively decadent\u2019 youths and \u2018processed\u2019 using secret police methods.<\/p>

Incidents of right-wing extremist violence in the fan milieu increased towards the end of the 1970s. Right-wing skinhead subcultures and hooligans adopted football as their own and sought to shatter the self-image of the \u2018anti-fascist\u2019 GDR with violence and right-wing extremist and anti-Semitic slogans. The GDR played down the activities as apolitical \u2018hooliganism\u2019. Violence and right-wing radicalism were also on the rise in the West, so the GDR attributed the blame to the influence of the \u2018class enemy\u2019 from West Germany. This way, they were able to deny that East Germany had their own problem with right-wing thugs. However, there were indeed contacts between right-wing extremist fans in East and West. Criminal sanctions were occasionally imposed on hooligans and right-wing extremist football supporters. Deportation to the Federal Republic of Germany was also a means of getting rid of undesirable right-wing extremists from the football fan scene. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Violent BFC Dynamo fans broke through the barrier at Friedrich Ludwig Jahn Sport Park during a GDR Oberliga match in spring 1988. (1)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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BFC Dynamo supporters and visiting fans clashed violently in the vicinity of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn Sport Park. The MfS used a hidden camera in order to determine the identity of the brawling football supporters. East Berlin, mid-1980s. (2)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Football fans rioted on a Berlin S-Bahn train after the GDR Oberliga match between 1. FC Union Berlin and FC Hansa Rostock on 20 June 1973. (3)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Leipzig’s main railway station was a transfer station for many fan groups on GDR Oberliga match days. In May 1984, the transport police confiscated various dangerous cutting and striking weapons there. One of them is this homemade 50cm-long link chain with a sharp razor blade inserted at the end. (4)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Although BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden had the same sponsor, the MfS and the Ministry of the Interior, the fans of both teams were hostile to each other. In the winter of 1978, tensions escalated when Dresden fans pelted the BFC team bus with stones. Here, BFC co-coach Achim Hall (left) and captain Frank Terletzki (centre) are watching as the damage caused by a stone thrown at the bus is repaired.<\/p>

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Destroyed benches in Friendship Stadium in Frankfurt an der Oder after a GDR Oberliga match between FC Vorw\u00e4rts Frankfurt an der Oder and BFC Dynamo in March 1981. (6)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The MfS wanted to identify violent football fans. As here in 1988 with \u2018rowdy\u2019 BFC Dynamo supporters, those targeted by the Stasi were marked with numbers. The offender was then summoned by the People\u2019s Police, reprimanded and, in the event of a repeat offence, prosecuted. (7)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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The use of pyrotechnics was prohibited in the stadiums of the GDR’s top league. The People’s Police and the MfS rarely photographed offences of this kind, which makes these images rare. Here, BFC Dynamo fans are throwing smoke bombs in Erfurt in 1981 and young fans in a fan section are setting off fireworks in 1979. (8, 9)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Damage to a Deutsche Reichsbahn passenger train. 1. FC Union Berlin fans had seized it after a GDR Oberliga match against Hallescher FC in September 1976. (10)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Destroyed bleachers after a GDR Oberliga match between BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Magdeburg at Friedrich Ludwig Jahn Sport Park in August 1979. (11)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The MfS had the violence-prone fan scene firmly in its sights towards the end of the 1980s. Individual fans marked with a circle were processed by the Stasi. East Berlin, Friedrich Ludwig Jahn Sport Park, mid-1980s. (12)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Police officers took away a Rostock fan after violent riots at a BFC Dynamo-FC Hansa Rostock GDR Oberliga match at Friedrich Ludwig Jahn Sport Park, around the mid-1980s. (13)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Damage to an S-Bahn train after a GDR Oberliga match between 1. FC Union Berlin and FC Hansa Rostock in June 1973. (14)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Football fans vandalised a tram in Leipzig in April 1988 in the run-up to a GDR Oberliga match between 1. FC Lok Leipzig and 1. FC Magdeburg. Several side windows were broken. (15)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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The MfS documented a demolished Deutsche Reichsbahn passenger train at the end of the 1970s. (16)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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The Stasi targeted young BFC Dynamo football fans in connection with right-wing extremist incidents. This private photo of the fan group, whose members are displaying the Hitler salute, reached the Stasi via an embedded unofficial collaborator (IM). (17)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The Stasi kept right-wing and violent subcultures like skinheads and hooligans under observation, as here at 1. FC Union Berlin\u2019s An der Alten F\u00f6rsterei Stadium in the mid-1980s. (18)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Right-wing extremist supporters and conspicuous soccer fans in East Berlin are not only under observation in the stadium. The MfS also analyzed television images to identify “rowdy and negatively decadent” young people by their outward appearance. (19, 20, 21, 22, 23)<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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At the end of the 1980s, the MfS targeted a BFC Dynamo fan club called \u2018Die B\u00f6sen\u2019 (The Bad Guys) because of its far-right slogans and badges. After secret police-style processing, the MfS seized right-wing banners, weapons and symbols. They found letters and maps pointing to contacts with a West Berlin neo-Nazi group. (24, 25)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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In the run-up to the Supercup match between BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden in Cottbus in the summer of 1989, hooligans and BFC Dynamo\u2019s right-wing extremist fan scene launched violent attacks against Dresden fans and the People’s Police. The Cottbus police intervened and arrested violent fans. (26, 27)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Private photograph of FC Zurich hooligans meeting in a private East Berlin flat with \u2018Die Analen\u2019, a BFC Dynamo fan club, in the mid-1980s. They are wearing masks and posing aggressively with baseball bats. The MfS presumably obtained these photos of \u2018Die Analen\u2019 fraternising with the Swiss hooligans through an informer in the BFC fan club. (28)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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A surprise in the Principality of Monaco: When BFC Dynamo kicked off their European Champions Cup match at Louis II Stadium on 17 October 1989, television viewers in the GDR and BFC Dynamo officials alike were astonished. BFC fans in the stands loudly supported the team, even though GDR fans had not been allowed to travel to Western countries for years. These photos from the MfS archive show that the right-wing BFC fan club \u2018Die Analen\u2019 had apparently re-formed in the West. Fans who had been deported by the MfS before 1989 were joined by those who had recently fled to the West and re-organised themselves as a new club. In Monaco, they openly displayed their right-wing extremist views.\u00a0(29)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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At the Supercup match between BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden in Cottbus in 1989, the police blocked a crowd of fans led by violent hooligans from the right-wing BFC scene to prevent the violence from escalating. (30)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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In the mid-1980s, the MfS targeted individual skinheads at Friedrich Ludwig Jahn Sport Park during a BFC Dynamo GDR Oberliga match. (31)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Private photograph of a group of young BFC Dynamo football fans, around the mid-1980s. The MfS targeted the BFC Dynamo fan scene, which had a reputation for violence and right-wing extremist incitement. IMs were smuggled into the groups to gather information. But the fan scene\u2019s behaviour was not uniform. The boundaries between left-wing and right-wing skinheads, hooligans and right-wing extremists were blurred. The clothing, haircuts and Manchester United scarves make the people in this photo impossible to clearly categorise, but their fan culture role models obviously come from the UK. <\/span>(32)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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n the mid-1980s, the MfS observed 1. FC Union fans at An der Alten F\u00f6rsterei Stadium. Their outward appearance, including\u00a0 bomber jackets and short haircuts, indicated that they belonged to the radical right-wing scene. (33)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Members of the radical rightwing BFC fan club \u2018Die Analen\u2019 supporting BFC Dynamo in the autumn of 1989 at their European Cup match against AS Monaco. The group was made up of GDR citizens who had fled or been expelled and then reorganised in the West. (34)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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IMs leaked private photos from the right-wing BFC Dynamo scene to the MfS. The MfS found a \u2018recovered\u2019 banner belonging to supporters of BSG Stahl Brandenburg in the private flat around the mid-1980s. (35)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Right-wing extremist supporters of FC Zurich and the BFC fan club \u2018Die Analen\u2019 celebrating together in a private East Berlin flat in the mid-1980s. The photo was leaked to the MfS via embedded IMs. (36)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t

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1: Bundesarchiv, MfS HA IX Fo 136 Bild 16<\/p>

2: Bundesarchiv, MfS BV Bln Fo 383 Bild 17<\/p>

3: Bundesarchiv, MfS HA IX Fo 1572 Bild 8<\/p>

4: S\u00e4chsisches Staatsarchiv Leipzig, 20250 Bezirksbeh\u00f6rde der Deutschen Volkspolizei Nr. 1878<\/p>

5: Bundesarchiv, MfS BdZL Dyn Fo 14 Bild 23<\/p>

6: Bundesarchiv, MfS BV Bln Fo 63 Bild 16<\/p>

7: Bundesarchiv, MfS HA IX Fo 136 Bild 6<\/p>

8\/9: Bundesarchiv, MfS BV Bln Fo 63 Bild 7 und 9<\/p>

10: Landesarchiv Berlin, DVP BV Berlin, C Rep. 303 Nr. 3080<\/p>

11: Bundesarchiv, MfS BV Bln Fo 63 Bild 17<\/p>

12: Bundesarchiv, MfS HA IX Fo 136 Bild 2<\/p>

13: Bundesarchiv, MfS BV Bln Fo 905 Bild 11<\/p>

14: Bundesarchiv, MfS HA IX Fo 1572 Bild 7<\/p>

15: S\u00e4chsisches Staatsarchiv Leipzig, 20250 Bezirksbeh\u00f6rde der Deutschen Volkspolizei, Nr. 1814<\/p>

16: Bundesarchiv, MfS BV Bln Fo 63 Bild 15<\/p>

17: Bundesarchiv, MfS HA XX Fo 855 Bild 5<\/p>

18: Bundesarchiv, MfS BV Bln Fo 837 Bild 8<\/p>

19\/20\/21\/22\/23: Bundesarchiv, MfS HA XX 1199 Bilder 46, 48, 53, 56, 65<\/p>

24\/25: Bundesarchiv, MfS HA IX Fo 139 Bild 1, Bundesarchiv, MfS HA IX Fo 136 Bild 14<\/p>

26\/27: Bundesarchiv, MfS BV Bln Fo 75 Bild 25 + 57<\/p>

28: Bundesarchiv, MfS HA XX Fo 890 Bild 7<\/p>

29: Bundesarchiv, MfS HA XX 839 Bild 4<\/p>

30: Bundesarchiv, MfS BV Bln Fo 75 Bild 46<\/p>

31: Bundesarchiv, MfS BV Bln Fo 847 Bild 1<\/p>

32: Bundesarchiv, MfS HA XX Fo 855 Bild 20<\/p>

33: Bundesarchiv, MfS BV Bln Fo 906 Bild 1<\/p>

34: Bundesarchiv, MfS HA XX Fo 839 Bild 8<\/p>

35: Bundesarchiv, MfS HA XX Fo 889 Bild 16<\/p>

36: Bundesarchiv, MfS HA XX 890 Bild 6<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The GDR\u2019s Communist dictatorship had an educational goal: disciplined \u2018all-round educated socialist personalities\u2019. So it was all the more irritating for the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-524","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nViolence, hooligans and right-wing radicalism: \u2018Rowdy\u2019 youths in GDR football - Im Objektiv der Staatsmacht<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/im-objektiv-der-staatsmacht.de\/en\/violence-hooligans-and-right-wing-radicalism-rowdy-youths-in-gdr-football\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Violence, hooligans and right-wing radicalism: \u2018Rowdy\u2019 youths in GDR football - Im Objektiv der Staatsmacht\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The GDR\u2019s Communist dictatorship had an educational goal: disciplined \u2018all-round educated socialist personalities\u2019. 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